Diphtheria Resurgence and Gaps in Vaccination Diphtheria is a toxin-mediated bacterial disease. *Corynebacterium diphtheriae* usually causes it. The germ can inflame the throat and release a powerful toxin. That toxin can damage the heart, nerves, and kidneys. A grey membrane in the throat can also block breathing. The disease is preventable. Vaccination remains the main […]
Tag: Pharmacology
Bacterial Toxins: How Exotoxins and Endotoxins Cause Tissue Damage and Disease Bacteria produce toxins that harm the host. These toxins fall into two main groups: exotoxins and endotoxins. Both play a major role in tissue damage and disease. Exotoxins are proteins that living bacteria release into their surroundings. Many of them act with high specificity. […]
Clostridioides difficile infection, or CDI, is a serious cause of diarrhoea. It mainly affects people whose gut bacteria have been disturbed. Antibiotics form the strongest risk factor. These drugs kill many helpful bacteria in the intestine. As a result, C. difficile can grow and produce toxins. Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as clindamycin, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins carry […]
Mesothelioma remains difficult to detect at an early stage. Doctors therefore explore blood and fluid-based biomarkers. Three proteins receive special attention. These are mesothelin, fibulin-3 and osteopontin. Each offers useful information for diagnosis and monitoring. Mesothelin appears in high amounts on mesothelioma cell surfaces. The body releases a soluble form into the blood. This form […]
Liquid biopsy analyzes body fluids for cancer-related markers. Researchers apply this method to track mesothelioma progression. The approach avoids repeated invasive tissue biopsies. Therefore, it offers a safer option for patients. Mesothelioma often develops in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. Traditional monitoring relies on imaging and tissue samples. However, these methods have limitations. […]
Sonrotoclax (Beqalzi) Approved as New Treatment for Relapsed Mantle Cell Lymphoma Sonrotoclax is a next-generation BCL2 inhibitor. BeOne Medicines developed it. The drug carries the brand name Beqalzi. The FDA granted it accelerated approval in May 2026. Doctors can now use it for relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma. Patients must have already received at […]