Cancer cells change their metabolism to support fast growth. Scientists call this process metabolic reprogramming. Otto Warburg first observed one key feature of this change over 100 years ago. Cancer cells prefer to break down glucose through glycolysis. They produce lactate even when oxygen is available. Researchers named this shift the Warburg effect. This effect […]
Tag: Medicine
Human bodies follow a natural 24-hour cycle called the circadian rhythm. This internal clock helps control many daily processes. It plays a key role in managing how the body handles carbohydrates and lipids. Scientists have identified core clock genes such as CLOCK and BMAL1. These genes form feedback loops inside cells. They turn other genes […]
Exercise brings powerful changes to skeletal muscle metabolism. Scientists study these changes deeply because they improve overall health. Regular physical activity triggers important adaptations inside muscle cells. First, exercise strongly stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Muscles create more mitochondria during and after workouts. These tiny powerhouses produce energy more efficiently. Moreover, they increase the muscle’s capacity to […]
Nutrition plays a key role in managing sarcopenia and frailty among older adults. These conditions cause loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Researchers study protein timing, leucine, and HMB supplementation through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These studies help understand how nutrition supports muscle health in the elderly. Protein Timing and Its Effects Experts […]
Pharmacodynamics of Topical and Transdermal NSAIDs: Skin Penetration, Local COX Inhibition and Systemic Exposure in Human Skin Models Topical and transdermal NSAIDs deliver pain relief directly to the affected area. These formulations reduce inflammation with minimal entry into the bloodstream. Researchers study their pharmacodynamics using human skin models to understand how effectively they work. Skin […]
Neurobiological Basis of Addiction and the Role of Pharmacotherapy Combined with Cognitive Rehabilitation Addiction changes the brain in lasting ways. Scientists now view it as a chronic brain disorder rather than a simple lack of willpower. Researchers focus on the neurobiological mechanisms that drive addictive behaviour. They also explore effective treatments that combine medication with […]