Acne is a common skin condition that affects people of all ages, but it’s most prevalent during adolescence due to hormonal changes.
What causes acne?
- Excess oil production: Oil glands in the skin produce sebum, an oily substance. When too much sebum is produced, it can clog pores.
- Clogged pores: Dead skin cells and excess oil can combine to form plugs in the hair follicles, creating blackheads or whiteheads.
- Bacteria: Bacteria, particularly Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), can thrive in these clogged pores, leading to inflammation and pimples.
- Hormonal changes: Hormones, especially androgens, can stimulate oil gland activity, making acne more likely. This is why it’s common during puberty, menstruation, and pregnancy.
- Other factors: Certain medications, stress, and even diet can also contribute to acne breakouts.
Types of acne:
- Non-inflammatory acne:
- Blackheads: Open comedones, appear as small, dark bumps on the skin.
- Whiteheads: Closed comedones, appear as small, white bumps under the skin.
- Inflammatory acne:
- Papules: Small, red, and tender bumps.
- Pustules: Pimples with a white pus-filled tip.
- Nodules: Large, hard, and painful lumps deep within the skin.
- Cysts: Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin.
Treatment:
- Over the counter (OTC) medications:
- Benzoyl peroxide: Kills bacteria and helps unclog pores.
- Salicylic acid: Helps unclog pores and exfoliates the skin.
- Sulfur: Helps dry out excess oil.
- Prescription medications:
- Topical retinoids: Increase skin cell turnover and unclog pores.
- Topical and oral antibiotics: Help kill bacteria.
- Hormonal medications: May be prescribed for women with hormonal acne.
- Isotretinoin (Accutane): A strong medication used for severe, persistent acne.
Prevention:
- Wash your face twice daily: Use a gentle cleanser and lukewarm water.
- Avoid touching your face: This can transfer bacteria and oils to your skin.
- Moisturize: Use a non-comedogenic moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated.
- Wear sunscreen: Sun exposure can worsen some types of acne.
- Manage stress: Stress can worsen acne breakouts.